Chapter 7

1. Know the key terms of chapter 7.

2. Know the minerals of bone matrix.
3. Know the functions of the skeletal system.
4. Know the different shapes of bone and if given the name of a bone you should know its shape.
5. Know the structure of a flat bone.
6. Know the differences between spongy bone and compact bone.
7. Understand the advantages of having spongy bone in flat bones.
8. Know the structure of long bones.
9. Know the location of endosteum, periosteum, epiphyses, diaphysis, epiphyseal disc, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, marrow, spongy bone and compact bone in a long bone.
10. Know the purpose of having articular cartilage on long bones.
11. Know the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts osteogenic cells and osteocytes.
12. Know the structure of compact bone. (i.e. know the location and relationship between the osteocyte, lacunae, central canal, canaliculi, lamella, endosteum, periosteum, etc.)
13. Know what bone matrix consists of.
14. Know where blood vessels and nerves are located in compact bone.
15. Know the types of bone marrow and know where they are located.
16. Know what hemopoietic means.
17. Know what gelatinous marrow is.
18. Know what ossification means.
19. Know what endochondral ossification means.
20. Know what type of tissue the fetal skeleton is made of and understand how it is transformed to a different type of tissue.

21. Know why the epiphyseal plate is also called the growth plate and know how it is different in adults and children.

22. Understand how bones grow and remodel themselves throughout life.
23. Understand how manual labor and exercise affect bone mass.
24. Understand the difference between interstitial and appositional growth.
25. Know the differences between achondroplastic dwarfism and pituitary dwarfism.
26. Understand the meaning of ‘mineral deposition’ and ‘mineral resorption’.
27. Understand the steps of the mineralization process.
28. Know what ‘ectopic ossification’ means.

29. Understand the process of mineral resorption (i.e. what cells are involved, where do minerals go, etc.)

30. Understand how differences in pressure on the jaw bone (as occurs with dental braces) reposition the teeth.
31. Understand which types of cells are stimulated by increased and decreased pressure on a bone.
32. Understand the terms ‘hypercalcemia’ and ‘hypocalcemia’ and know the effects of each.
33. Understand calcium homeostasis (how blood calcium levels are regulated). Be able to explain in essay form how the body responds to increase blood calcium when it’s too low and decrease blood calcium when it’s too high. Be able to explain the events that trigger the hormones calcitonin and PTH to be secreted and how they affect osteocytes and osteoblasts.
34. Understand the diseases ‘rickets’ and ‘osteomalacia’.
35. Understand the differences between bone growth in boys and girls during puberty.
36. Understand the effects of anabolic steroids on bone growth.
37. Know the differences between a ‘stress fracture’ and a ‘pathological fracture’.
38. Know the different types of fractures and know how fractures are treated and healed.
39. Understand all of the information about osteoporosis. (causes, effects, segment of population most affected, age of usual onset, how to prevent it, how it treated, etc)