Chapter 12
Nervous Tissue

 

  1. Understand all of the key terms (selected vocabulary on page 477) in chapter 12.
  2. Know the two major subdivisions of the Nervous System and know the organs found in each subdivision.
  3. Know what nerves and ganglia are.  Know what a nerve fiber is.
  4. Know the functional subdivisions of the PNS (sensory vs. motor) and know where the signals originate and where they end (i.e. receptor to CNS or CNS to effector).
  5. Understand what receptors are and what they do.
  6. Know the difference between visceral and somatic.
  7. Know what an effector is and know which effectors are visceral and which is somatic.
  8. Understand what afferent and efferent mean and how they are used.
  9. Know the subdivisions of the motor division.
  10. Know the subdivision of the ANS and the functions of each division.
  11. Understand the functions of sensory, interneurons and motor neurons.
  12. Understand the structure, functions and properties of neurons.  Understand how a signal travels through a neuron and in what direction.  Know the differences between multipolar, bipolar, unipolar and anaxonic neurons.
  13. Know the six types of neuroglial cells and understand their functions.  Know which ones are part of the CNS and which are part of the PNS.
  14. Understand the important function of the myelin sheath.  Know how it is formed in the CNS and PNS and know what material myelin is made of.  Know what part of the neuron myelin is found
  15. Know the relationship between myelin, Nodes of Ranvier and saltatory conduction.
  16. Know where the axon hillock and trigger zone are.
  17. Know the relationship between myelin and Multiple Sclerosis and Tay-Sachs Disease.
  18. Know the factors that determine the speed of a nerve signal.
  19. Know which nerve fibers can regenerate and which cannot.
  20. Understand what electrical potential is and how this applies to neurons.  Know what polarized means.
  21. Know what the resting membrane potential of a neuron is and understand what this means. Know how ions are distributed inside and outside of neurons.  Based on this distribution of ions, know which ions will diffuse into or out of the cell when its gate opens.  Know how the movement of these ions will change the membrane potential.
  22. Understand what depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization mean.
  23. Know the characteristics of a local potential vs. an action potential.
  24. Know what a synapse is.
  25. Have a thorough understand of the action potential and be able to explain the events in detailed steps.  (i.e. which gates open and when, what makes them open, where do the ions go when the gates open, what effect does the movement of a particular ion have on the membrane potential).  Know what threshold means.
  26. Know what All-or-none means.
  27. Understand absolute and relative refractory period.
  28. Know what a synapse is and know the different types of synapses (axosomatic, axodentritic and axoaxonic).  Know what presynaptic and postsynaptic mean.
  29. Understand synaptic transmission.  Understand and be able to explain how the signal in a presynaptic neuron travels to the postsynaptic neuron.
  30. Know the 3 kinds of synapses and understand which neurotransmitter is involved in each and what effect they have on the postsynaptic neuron.
  31. Know what acetylcholinesterase is and know why it is important.
  32. Understand the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP and be able to explain how they are caused and the role they play in generation an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.
  33. Understand spatial and temporal summation.
  34. Understand neural coding.
  35. Understand the different types of memory.
  36. Know the information discussed about Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease.